Proxyphylline is a dual of adenosine A1/A2a receptor inhibitor and phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor. Proxyphylline acts as a cardiac stimulant vasodilator and bronchodilator.

Galanthamine hydrobromide is a long-acting, centrally active acetylcholinesterase(AChE) inhibitor (IC50 = 410 nM) and allosteric potentiator at neuronal nicotinic ACh receptors.

Forskolin is a ubiquitous activator of eukaryotic adenylyl cyclase (AC) in a wide variety of cell types, commonly used to raise levels of cAMP in the study and research of cell physiology.